今天的内容：
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The last paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

[A]The peace may be pursued by artists in many cases.
[B]Artists want to achieve upset in other cases.
[C]The concept of art is always confusing.
[D]The speaker analyzes the function and value of art and science.
[E]The aim of science is to find the rules about our world, which will bring peace or upset.
[F]Sometimes science brings upset that will lead some disorder in some area.

41______________.
The speaker maintains that the function of science is to “reassure,” and that it is in these function that the value of each lies. In my view, the speaker unfairly generalizes about the function and value of art, while completely missing the point about the function and value of science.

42______________
Consider first the intent and effect of art. In many cases artists set about to reassure, not to upset. Consider the frescos of Fra Angelico and others monks and nuns of the late medieval period, who sought primarily through their representations of the Madonna and Child to reassure and be reassured about the messages of Christian redemption and salvation. Or consider the paintings of impressionist and realist painters of the late nineteeth century. Despite the sharp contrast in the techniques employed by these tow schools, in both genres we find soothing, genteel, pastoral themes and images------certainly nothing to upset the viewer.

43_______________
In other cases, artists set about to upset. For example, the painters and sculptors of the Renaissance period, like the artists who preceded them, approached their art as a form of worship. Yet Renaissance art focuses on other Christian images and themes-------especially those involving the crucifixion and apocalyptic notions of judgment and damnation------which are clearly “upsetting” and disconcerting, and clearly not reassuring. Or consider the works of two important twentieth-century artists; few would argue that the surrealistic images by Salvador Dali or the jarring, splashy murals by abstract painter Jackson Pollock serve to “upset,” or at the very least disquiet, the viewer on a visceral level.

44_______________
When it comes to the function and value of science, in my view the speaker’s assertion is simply wrongheaded. The final objective of science, in my view, is to discover truths about our world, our universe, and ourselves. Sometimes these discoveries serve to reassure, and other times they serve to upset. For example, many would consider reassuring the various laws and principles of physics which provide unifying explanations for what we observe in the physical world. These principles provide a reassuring sense of order, even simplicity, to an otherwise mysterious and perplexing world.

45_______________
On the other hand, many scientific discoveries have clearly “upset” conventional notions about physical world and the universe. The notions of a sun-centered universe, that humans evolved from lower primate forms, and the time is relative to space and motion are all disquieting notions to anyone whose belief system depends on contrary assumptions. And more recently, researchers have discovered that many behavioral traits are functions of individual neurological brain structure, determined at birth. This notion has “upset” many professionals in fields such as behavioral psychology, criminology, mental health, and law, whose work is predicated on the notion that undesirable human behavior can be changed-------through various means of reform and behavior modification.

In sum, the speaker over-generalizes when it comes to the function and value of art and science-----both of which serve in some cases to reassure and in other cases to upset. In any event, the speaker misstates the true function and value of science, which is to discover truths, whether reassuring or upsetting.

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